Recreational fishers catch fish for fun, sport and to feed themselves and their immediate family. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 69(2):321329, Post JR, Sullivan M, Cox S, Lester NP, Walters CJ, Parkinson EA et al (2002) Canadas recreational fisheries: the invisible collapse? Google Scholar, Lennox RJ, Als J, Arlinghaus R, Horodysky A, Klefoth T, Monk CT, Cooke SJ (2017) What makes fish vulnerable to capture by hooks? In fact, as in the case of the carp anglers (Clifford 1992), key innovations may initially preferentially circle in like-minded, tight and modular networks (i.e., networks that are dense but only loosely or not connected at all to other nodes). Various technologies have also been designed to retain landed fish in water (e.g. Catch Estimates and Species Composition of Recreational Fishing in Israel https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2014.89955, Elmer LK, Kelly LA, Rivest S, Steell SC, Twardek WM, Danylchuk AJ et al (2017) Angling into the future: ten commandments for recreational fisheries science, management, and stewardship in a good Anthropocene. Cooke, S.J., Venturelli, P., Twardek, W.M. Furthermore, cultural changes can be brought in by tourists and unaccepted by locals, who often feel their community and culture is being negatively impacted by tourism. Organic bait innovations have also occurred with a focus on better preservation of baitfish and crustaceans. J Fish Biol 34:149160, Article On the other hand, technological innovation provides an opportunity to work with anglers to promote better management and conservation (Granek et al. snapper, grouper) in State Waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). 2020). Fish and shellfish bought from commercial fishers and producers are subject to strict food safety standards, required under the Food Standards Code and administered by Prime Safe.PrimeSafe is the regulatory body responsible for seafood safety. North Am J Fish Manag 31(2):203208, Seekell DA, Brosseau CJ, Cline TJ, Winchcombe RJ, Zinn LJ (2011) Long-term changes in recreational catch inequality in a trout stream. Anglers now have a dizzying array of styles, shapes, and sizes from which to choose. Mchler Media; 3., rev. 2019). Buying fish from the boats in Newport or depoe bay #545825 - Extension In addition to efforts that are intended to increase capture rates, work is also underway to have hooks minimize negative effects on captured fish including making hooks less corrosion-resistant when ingested and re-designing barbless hooks to improve safety (Yepez and Guevara 2017), and to integrate antimicrobial coatings and/or an anti-inflammatory coating to minimize infection, treat the puncture wound, and minimize nociception for captured fish (Hopkins 2017). Two Florida men who tried to illegally sell a 700-pound giant bluefin tuna were caught and fined a total of $27,500 by NOAA Fisheries. Cameras provide an advantage to anglers by informing them about the position and behavior of fish. Moreover, in some instances there may be benefits to limiting the use of certain tactics. Fish must encounter the gear to be caught (Lennox et al. 2017). Fish from marine and inland capture fisheries are amongst the most eaten foods and traded commodities in the world and therefore contribute significantly to supporting livelihoods, food security and health (Bn et al., 2016; Kawarazuka & Bn, 2010; Loring et al., 2019).According to FAO (), 120 million people are dependent on fisheries for their livelihoods, almost 97 per . (Abstract), Ditton RB, Loomis DK, Choi S (1992) Recreation specialization: re-conceptualization from a social worlds perspective. There have also been innovations in fishing systemshow rod, reel, and line are deployed. An example is provided by Sbragaglia et al. 2019), there is a need for fisheries managers and policy makers to consider the threats and opportunities that can arise from technological innovation. First, gear innovations may maintain high catch rates even when fish stocks decline, creating hyperstability in catch rates (Post et al. Fishing tackle manufacturers have long attempted to create artificial lures or enhance organic baits that attract the attention of both fish and the angling consumer. Seafood alternative marketing expands theoptions available to fishermen for selling their catchand can provideeconomic and social benefits to fishing communities. 2007), and has largely occurred in three areas: shape, piercing/cutting ability, and materials. U.S. Patent Application 14/947,796, Ludwig HR, Leitch JA (1996) Interbasin transfer of aquatic biota via anglers bait buckets. 2015). We pay our respects to their Elders past and present and future Traditional Owners. Recreational fishers do not hold a commercial fishing licence or permit. Avoid bargaining when selling directly to consumers. 2019). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 70(10):15421550, Ward AF, Duke K, Gneezy A, Bos MW (2017) Brain drain: the mere presence of ones own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. EIFAC Occasional Paper, 42, FAO (1997) Technical guidelines for responsible fisheries. In fly fishing, technology has allowed for the advance of stronger, more efficient drag systems (e.g., carbon), that improve the ability of anglers to land fish, even those of considerable size (e.g., large sharks, Atlantic tarpon [Megalops atlanticus], Atlantic bluefin tuna [Thunnus thynnus]). Specifically, certain highly effective catch innovations adopted by a minority of highly avid and skilled innovators can foster overfishing once widely adopted. 2006). In: Proceedings of the 126th annual conference of the American society of engineering education, Beardmore B, Hunt LM, Haider W, Dorow M, Arlinghaus R (2015) Effectively managing angler satisfaction in recreational fisheries requires understanding the fish species and the anglers. Commercial fishing includes any fishing activity that is for commercial profit. Besides the ecological aspect, this conflict between small-scale commercial fishing and recreational fishers manifests itself economically, as recreational fishers often illegally sell their catch. 2019). In catch-and-release fishing more flashy and noisy lures, will lead to faster hook avoidance learning will be achieved, such that some of the gear innovations might quickly loose their catch potential. Historically, angling clubs have had an important role in facilitating information sharing among anglers, e.g. 2011). Social media and other forms of information sharing create a positive feedback loop, whereby more anglers will adopt the technology used by successful anglers, Visualization of the innovation-adoption lifecycle (adapted from Rogers 1962) along with considerations for alignment with both proactive and reactive management and policy development. North Am J Fish Manag 23(4):13121328, Lewin W-C, Weltersbach MS, Ferter K, Hyder K, Mugerza E, Prellezo R et al (2019) Potential environmental impacts of recreational fishing on marine fish stocks and ecosystems. Unlicensed (hobby) fishermen - gov.scot via on-line angler forums) as to whether drone fishing is diluting the pure nature of the activity, or whether the use and impressions of this technology are following the same trajectory as when GPS units became more affordable and accurate to lead anglers to, and back to, productive fishing locations. To illustrate with an examplea black bass angler sits in their boat at the dock in a comfortable chair behind a steering wheel while deciding on fishing locations using digital maps viewed on a 12+ inch touch screen chartplotter containing detailed information on water depth, habitat type, and known fishing locations that both themselves and other anglers have documented over time. Clin Infect Dis 47(11):14431448, Pope KL, Wilde GR, Bauer DL (2005) Maximum size of fish caught with standard gears and recreational angling. To conclude, achieving sufficient catch is a major determinant of a satisfied angler trip across many angler populations (Arlinghaus 2006; Beardmore et al. However, not all anglers utilize advanced boat-based technologies due to a lack of specialization or financial commitment. A rebuilding plan has been in place since 2012. In Panama, anglers contribute an estimated US$48.4 million to annual GDP and support about 9500 jobs. In addition, the continued catch and release of lure-based predator fishing leads to information spread amongst fish under water, creating a timidity syndrome that reduces catchability (Arlinghaus et al. Arlinghaus received funding through the European Union (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund) and the State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany) (Grant MV-I.18-LM-004, B 730117000069), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grants 01LC1826E and 033W046A). There are more biological issues that gear innovations can bring about. 2015). North Am J Fish Manag 34(2):232246, Richardson EA, Kaiser MJ, Edwards-Jones G, Ramsay K (2006) Trends in sea anglers catches of trophy fish in relation to stock size. The emergence of social media has provided anglers with easy access to a large flow of information from peer anglers about all aspects of recreational fisheries, e.g. For example, dehooking devices (e.g. These events are fishing sport competitions that generate significant revenue for the host communities, both by attracting anglers to compete and by creating a festive atmosphere for attendees. Nearly all of the so called "fish scents" on the market in the 1980s were based on various fish oil formulas, which were insoluble in water and thus incompatible with the olfactory and gustatory organs of fish (Carr and Derby 1986; Hara 1994; Kasumyan and Doving 2003). 2018). A great example is the inclusion of compressed oxygen in modern bass boat live wells. If a person catches a fish for sale, using a hook and line, they are a commercial fisherman, not a recreational angler. Bioscience 54(9):857859, Cooke SJ, Cowx IG (2006) Contrasting recreational and commercial fishing: searching for common issues to promote unified conservation of fisheries resources and aquatic environments. In this project, data from anglers inform the deduction of how many fish can be harvested both recreationally and commercially, without negatively affecting the sustainability of individual fisheries. Final Report NA10NMF4540111. Social media accounts show these anglers are ardent promotors of catch-and-release and are convinced their fishing is less harmful than a catch-and-kill fishing practice. However, an informal survey of patents on Google Scholar revealed continued innovation related to reductions in the loss of fish, and increased capture efficiency. RF can actively support important research through citizen science initiatives and fisheries management. For this reason and in line with the FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries, no.13 Recreational Fisheries, allocation of fish to RF should only be promoted provided that local communities and commercial fishers are not losing out economically and access to resources by the poorest is not constrained. This knowledge can be harvested by so-called net scraping technologies that use code to search homepages and online forums for specific content. Collectively, the goal of these modifications has been to maximize capture rates and minimize fish loss, thereby imparting maximum benefits for anglers. 2015) and extends beyond simply increasing capture efficiency. Collier et al. Aquac Res 40(13):15381550, Mussweiler T (2003) Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences. The fisherman selling his catch on Facebook Trends Ecol Evol 00:000000, Jennings S, Stentiford GD, Leocadio AM, Jeffery KR, Metcalfe JD, Katsiadaki I et al (2016) Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries, aquaculture, food safety, human health, fish and human welfare, economy and environment. LEGAL CORNER: Can I sell fish I caught for recreation? The same is true for fly fishing lines, with advanced materials and fly line tapers being developed and used to improve casting, increase sensitivity, and reduce the ability for fish to see the line. Beyond self-regulation by norms and local taboos, it is the job of the natural resource manager and policy maker to consider the implications of technology on fisheries regulations and policy outside of scenarios where angling clubs or fishing competitions impose rules. Recently, technology has advanced to allow chemical (acid) sharpening, whereby a chemical dissolves part of the hook for a short period of time, thereby allowing a finer, smoother, and sharper hook. Unhooking mats have been designed for hook removal of common carp with many different varieties available including ones that are padded and include inflatable edges. Mar Coast Fish 6(1):190199, Dunmall KM, Cooke SJ, Schreer JF, McKinley RS (2001) The effect of scented lures on the hooking injury and mortality of smallmouth bass caught by novice and experienced anglers. Fisheries 40(7):318327. 2014; Palomares and Pauly 2019; Scherrer and Galbraith 2020) and thus there is much that could be learned from those experiences (e.g., see Cooke and Cowx 2006 for contrasts of the recreational and commercial sector) but that is largely beyond the scope of this paper. However, estimating the impact of smartphone use on any fishery requires careful studynot only to establish a relationship between handling time and release mortalitybut to understand how this relationship varies with important ecological conditions (e.g., temperature) and other catch-and-release practices (e.g., hook characteristics) (Joubert et al. Mountain Dew) on actively bleeding gill arches. 2014) and cannot be passed through the digestive tract (Sanft et al. We acknowledge the Traditional Aboriginal Owners of Country throughout Victoria and pay our respects to them, their connections to land, sea, and community. Report immediately to Fishwatch on 1800 065 522 if you: are approached by a recreational fisher trying to sell their catch; suspect a seafood business is sourcing its seafood illegally; view any illegal take for sale activity. We hope that the ideas presented here will help the fisheries management community be proactive and responsive to the rapidly evolving recreational fishing sector (Elmer et al. Question: Can A Commercial Fisherman Sell Their Crabs And Fish However, again, the results of any such studies are likely to be specific to the fish species, lure material, and attractant products examined. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(12):52095213, Article (2017) combine app and creel data within a capture-recapture framework to improve red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) catch estimates in the Gulf of Mexico. Bull Mar Sci 88(3):667679, Savvas K (2009) Making sense of scents. Fisheries 27(1):617, Post JR, Persson L, Parkinson EV, Kooten TV (2008) Angler numerical response across landscapes and the collapse of freshwater fisheries. Fish Res 223:105458, Kain MP, Bolker BM (2019) Predicting West Nile virus transmission in North American bird communities using phylogenetic mixed effects models and eBird citizen science data. Also, contemporary code of practices or conducts of recreational fishing provide recommendations to curtail the use of specific practices that are perceived to be particularly damaging and thus unethical (EIFAC 2008; Arlinghaus et al. Recently, the first Bluetooth-enabled fishing rod was released, which allows anglers to immediately record aspects of their catches through a linked app (see: https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2019/07/22/abu-garcias-virtual-rod-first-ever-bluetooth-enabled-fishing-rod/; notethis is most relevant to the smartphone section so is discussed below). Fish-tourism provides tourists with the opportunity to go out to sea with professional fishers using their own vessels and do activities such as boat excursions, lessons on fishing methods and gear, participate in game fishing, prepare meals on board and learn about the marine environment and fishing heritage of the local community. North Am J Fish Manag 29(2):352360, Danylchuk AJ, Adams A, Cooke SJ, Suski CD (2008) An evaluation of the injury and short-term survival of bonefish (Albula spp.) The effects of sharing catch photos through social media is discussed in the Social Media and Smartphone sections. They are taking on some parts of the marketing process for you. If images contain identifying landmarks or are not scrubbed of meta-data, then they may provide clues or detailed information on where fishing occurred; for example, many cameras and cellular phones automatically georeference photographs, which can reveal locations to others. As shown by tag and release competitions, the collaboration between anglers and scientists could be very useful for data collection. Involving RF in fishery management can perhaps be more complicated in developing countries, as these nations are heavily dependent on fishing for economic-development, employment and food security. Recreational Fisheries FAQ | FWC - Florida Fish and Wildlife Recreational - fishing for sport or pleasure. You can't: sell, trade or barter fish without an appropriate licence (illegal marketing of fish poses a threat to the legitimate seafood market, food safety and sustainability of fish stocks) jag or foul-hook fish. Final report prepared for the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, FRDC Project No. 2020). [Withdrawn] Bass fishing guidance 2020 - GOV.UK North Am J Fish Manag 26(3):592605. Deaf, or hearing or speech impaired? It is easy to imagine that much of the information previously shared at club meetings and other fishing club gatherings has been replaced by social media fora, which to some extent has made fishing club memberships superfluous. The number of recreational fishers using commercial gears (in the following referred to as "passive gear fishers") and fishing from the German Baltic coast were estimated to be about 1640 people in 2010. For example, when the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Council decided to require circle hooks for striped bass, they had to first define circle hook so that there was an enforceable regulation. Ice angling cameras are advertised to anglers seeking better catches by watching their quarry and moving their rig to the correct depth or in an enticing way; these cameras provide an image of the water below, live streamed to a screen above water (e.g., https://www.fisherpants.com/best-ice-fishing-camera/). 2019; FAO 2012) especially if aided by technology. as well as political/opinion information when social media is used to promote and debate governance, regulations, policies, pollution, ethics, and codes of conduct. Humans typically develop feelings of perceived unfairness through a process of direct comparison with others (Adams 1965; Mussweiler 2003). Such real-time reconnaissance and the ability to record and later review high definition digital still images and video can greatly reduce the guesswork that goes into finding fish, and ultimately increase the successful capture of fish by recreational anglers (see also the Underwater Camera section). Boat-mounted transducers utilize sonar to generate real time images of fish and structure in up to three dimensions around the boat at ranges exceeding 100m (https://www.saltwatersportsman.com/3D-sonar-for-fishing/). 2006). (Supplied: Emma Lee) Help keep family & friends informed by sharing this article Most fish populations are usually resilient to modest fishing (Froese et al. Indeed, fish can also respond to the continuous exposure to the new bait or lures and reduce their reactivity to the gear (as, for example, shown in hook avoidance learning in carp exposed to boilies, Monk and Arlinghaus 2017). 1995; Sauls and Ayala 2012). However, misinformation on social media platforms can have negative implications for recreational fisheries management. 2008; Gould and Grace 2009). 2018). Coupled with advances to the overall shape of the hook, have been changes to the location of the hook eye, the orientation of the hook eye (e.g., turned-down or turned-up, varying degree of bends as in https://www.gamakatsu.com/product-category/freshwater/jig-hooks-60o/), as well an integration of hooks with swivels or rings to facilitate line attachment and specialized techniques such as drop-shotting. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Fishbrain app (www.fishbrain.com) that encourages anglers to track invasive species (www.landscapepartnership.org/news/fishbrain-and-u.s.-fish-and-wildlife-service-partner-to-create-app-powered-citizen-science-engagement-opportunity-tracking-endangered-species). email, Campus Map | Terms of Use | Privacy | Accessibility, 2014 The Regents of University of California, Guidance for Industry: The Seafood List FDAs Guide to Acceptable Market Names for Seafood Sold in Interstate Commerce, Staying Up to Date on Seafood Market Trends. Other recovery measures used by anglers include the pouring of carbonated beverages (e.g. In Minnesota, any batteries contained in lures must not contain mercury (https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/97C.335). Rev Fish Sci Aquac 00:000000, Bradley D, Merrifield M, Miller KM, Lomonico S, Wilson JR, Gleason MG (2019) Opportunities to improve fisheries management through innovative technology and advanced data systems. 2019). Fish Res 208:16, Koeck B, Zvorka L, Aldvn D, Nslund J, Arlinghaus R, Thrnqvist PO, Winberg S, Bjrnsson BT, Johnsson JI (2019) Angling selects against active and stress-resilient phenotypes in rainbow trout. Parasites Vectors 12(1):395, Kalkbrenner J, McCampbell A (2011) The advent of smartphones: a study on the effect of handheld electronics on personal and professional productivity. Am Nat 138:5168, Arlinghaus R (2004) A human dimensions approach towards sustainable recreational fisheries management. U.S. Patent 9,572,329, Horne JK (2000) Acoustic approaches to remote species identification: a review. 2020). Increased sharing of knowledge by industry partners and research focused on evaluating the effects of different technologies on fish and fisheries would enable management authorities to be able to engage in evidence-based decision making in a more timely manner. Syst Dyn Rev 14(23):163188. Richardson et al. However, fishermen producingtheseproducts are considered processors and thus are subject to additional seafood safety regulations (see Seafood Safety). A recent study argued that the future governance of recreational fisheries would benefit from a stronger organization of anglers, e.g. Ecol Soc 9(1), Carr WES, Derby CD (1986) Chemically stimulated feeding behaviour in marine animals. When examined as a whole, recent and potential changes to hook technology, are heavily skewed towards increasing capture rates and minimizing the loss of hooked fish. Fish Fish 18(3):578595, Waluda CM, Trathan PN, Elvidge CD, Hobson VR, Rodhouse PG (2011) Throwing light on straddling stocks of Illex argentinus: assessing fishing intensity with satellite imagery. Both anglers and passive gear fishers are not permitted to sell their catch, which is the most prominent difference from commercial fishers. 2020) and very little empirical research on the effects of technology on recreational fishing outcomes (but see Feiner et al. For example, Schisler and Bergersen (1996) found that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) had between 5.5 and 8.2 times higher hooking mortality rates when caught using scented artificial baits (Power Bait) that were fished actively or passively, respectively, compared to artificial flies. Fish Manag Ecol 27(5):540543, Devall B, Harry J (1981) Who hates whom in the great outdoors: the impact of recreational specialization and technologies of play. Trends Ecol Evol 30:685696, Polgreen PM, Chen Y, Pennock DM, Nelson FD (2008) Using internet searches for influenza surveillance. However, fish attractants can be highly species-specific, and while oil based attractant products are unlikely to influence the gustatory behaviour of fish, the PVC Power Bait type lures studied by Dunmall et al. 2011), until the stocks are fished down and collapse (Post et al. These collaborations have given rise to important projects such as The Marine Recreational Information Program, created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Moreover, if managers engage in putting out fires on social media, they have to balance if they are managing the vocal minority or the silent majority (the two groups may or may not be aligned). The commercial availability of these products finally allowed anglers to reduce reliance on fish oils (http://www.berkley-fishing.com/Berkley-ae-fish-attractants-leave-the-oil-at-home.html), but may have led to other problems including ingestion of damaged or discarded scented soft plastic lures by wild fishes (Danner et al. 180 pgs. The traditional image of recreational fishing as a solitary and secretive pursuit does not apply to the growing number of anglers who freely post catch information to social media. No person shall sell or barter any fish that has been taken recreationally or under the authority of any type of . 2008). Technological innovations in the recreational fishing sector: implications for fisheries management and policy. This article seeks to explore these points further. Correspondence to Together, these advances in hook shape and style are intended to facilitate anglers fishing a range of techniques and styles that should appeal to wary fish, or access fish in difficult locations, ideally maximizing capture rate. Rev Fish Biol Fish 4:135, Harley SJ, Myers RA, Dunn A (2001) Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance? when anglers discuss and share fishing spots in open or closed Facebook groups. Google Scholar, Baccante D (1995) Assessing catch inequality in walleye angling fisheries. Fish Fish 20(3):564583. Similar benefits were less apparent for gamefish given that more passive fishing techniques tended to be used (Feiner et al. Smartphone dependency. Small prey populations in nature generally tend to reduce predation rates, allowing recovery, but when fishers continue to efficiently remove a small number of remaining individuals, it can drive depensation and inhibit recovery (Myers et al. Commercial - catching and marketing fish and shellfish for profit. Fish may experience barotrauma when angled (particularly when brought up quickly from depth), leading to organ damage (Rogers et al. Recently, manufacturers have incorporated a number of processes into hook production, such as heat treating (forging) and the use of high-carbon steel that are intended to increase strength, reduce brittleness, and prevent bending/breaking under the stress of a fish (Thomas et al. Several lure manufacturers aligned their own lure color options with those recommended by the Color-C-Lector. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.010, Moreno G, Dagorn L, Capello M, Lopez J, Filmalter J, Forget F et al (2016) Fish aggregating devices (FADs) as scientific platforms. Here we synthesize potential threats and opportunities arising from technology. Drones (e.g., remote control boats) are also being used to deliver supplemental feed in some areas, thus baiting in fish that can then be captured. The same could be said for underwater ROVs, whether making cryptic species more accessible or presenting baits in such a way that increases physical and/or physiological stress. A review on the efficacy of venting on captured fishes indicated that this strategy is generally not beneficial (Wilde 2009), though there is evidence that it can be beneficial for some species (Drumhiller et al. The fact that carp anglers usually release their catch and thus there is no true competition for common pool resources strongly suggests that the regulations were tailored to curtail the innovation per se, and were caused by social identity issues and rejection of life-style forms. Action cameras such as GoPro Hero cameras can be set up underwater to watch for fish (Struthers et al. Fish Fish 18(5):9861010, Lester NP, Marshall TR, Armstrong K, Dunlop WI, Ritchie B (2003) A broad-scale approach to management of Ontarios recreational fisheries. Self-regulation also happens in recreational fishing, where local angling communities may self-constrain the use of certain technologies (e.g., automated boat-based feeding and bait placement in small-scale lake fisheries), either to limit effectiveness, manage conflicts or to navigate the fishery back towards a fair chase, clearly in light with locally prevailing norms. Fishing is a multi-billion dollar industry and technology is playing a massive role in assisting with fish capture with many innovations originating in commercial fisheries. 2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12080, Liu B, Stokes L, Topping T, Stunz G (2017) Estimation of a total from a population of unknown size and application to estimating recreational red snapper catch in Texas. Mismanagement of RF can cause several conservation issues, including: high stock exploitation, selective harvest of trophy fish (and therefore shifts in population structure), habitat destruction, unwanted catch and release mortality/disease, introduction of non-native species and disturbance of the environment. Conserv Biol 22(5):11251134, Gutowsky LFG, Sullivan BG, Wilson ADM, Cooke SJ (2017) Synergistic and interactive effects of angler behaviour, gear type, and fish behaviour on hooking depth in passively angled fish.