vibrio vulnificus mortality ratevibrio vulnificus mortality rate

Among them, viral and alcoholic hepatitis are the most common forms of HD [24]. AIEC pathobiont instigates chronic colitis in susceptible hosts by altering microbiota composition. Various concentrations of F, P, and F-P ranging from 0 to 1.0 mM were added to the freshly grown culture of B. vulgatus MGM001. Flesh-eating bacteria on beaches: What to know | CNN 2016;4. (Fig.5C),5C), which were treated with 4.0 mM cFP for 6 h, showed the collapsed cellular morphology with undulated cell surfaces. Validation, Considering that the patients would call an ambulance on appearance of severe symptoms, which also indicates increased bacilli in the blood, the time of calling for an ambulance was considered as disease onset. The cells fixed by treating with 2% glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde (for 12 h) and 1% OsO4 (for 2 h) were dehydrated as described above, and infiltrated with propylene oxide. Vibrio vulnificus pneumonia with multiorgan failure: a case report and A retrospective 1:2 matched-pair cohort study of hospitalized patients with . Bross M.H., Soch K., Morales R., Mitchell R.B. Writing review & editing, * E-mail: kc2672@gmail.com(KH); hweng@post.harvard.edu(HW), Roles Then, we measured the membrane integrity in B. vulgatus cells having different levels of ObgE. Before bacterial infection, each mouse was intraperitoneally injected with iron dextran (30 g per gram of mice weight) and intragastrically injected with 8.5% [w/vol.] Using the time of the first amputation as a reference, it was calculated that the survival group underwent amputation earlier than the death group, and less than half death group patients were eligible for amputation. The molecular characteristics in the decreased survival of B. vulgatus by V. vulnificus were delineated by demonstrating the specific interaction of a signal molecule, cFP of V. vulnificus with a putative GTPase protein in B. vulgatus. Before The survival of all strains was significantly affected by cFP in a concentration-dependent manner. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. If V. vulnificus is detected in a TCBS agar medium culture, diagnosis is quick and accurate.16 If a Gram-negative banana-shaped organism is detected by Gram staining, the possibility of V. vulnificus infection is very high. and E. coli. Weight refers to the influence of each study on overall estimate (weights are from fixed effect analyses for I2 < 40% and random effect analyses for I2 40%). Various cultures, particularly in thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar medium, and blood and fluid contents of blood blisters15 should be submitted while beginning preparations or standby for an urgent surgery. The seawater temperature along the coast of the Kyushu district is approximately 10C from January to March, rising gradually by 10C in April and May to exceed 20C, where it remains until September before declining gradually. If this does not happen, further amputation of the lower extremity (reamputation) should proceed promptly within 8h. If detection and treatment are not performed early in the course of infection, the mortality rate is very high. The fecal samples were collected from four-week-old female mice orally injected with cFP or PBS (n = 20 mice per each set). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Compared to the control, 0% of SM (the fresh LBS medium only), the addition of SM resulted in a decrease in B. vulgatus viability in a dose-dependent manner. According to our data, debridement and amputation should be performed within 4h and 8h, respectively. The site is secure. Furthermore, other cyclic dipeptides, such as cyclo(Phe-Val) (cPV) and cyclo(Pro-Thr) (cPT), did not show any antagonistic result up to a concentration of 4 mM (Fig. The resuspension was briefly centrifuged to eliminate fecal debris and the supernatants were retrieved. History of raw seafood consumption, which was reported by the family, was ambiguous, and the time from consuming uncooked seafood to the development of symptoms differed among patients; some patients may have had an incubation period of several days. As a negative control, fecal samples from healthy mice treated with V. vulnificus-free PBS were also collected at each experimental set (two animals in each set). 10.1098/rstb.2015.0504. Lee K, Jeong JE, Kim IH, Kim KS, Ju BG. When two or more underlying diseases were present in one patient, they were overlapped and counted (Fig. A Estimation of the EC50 of Triton X-100. The presence of underlying diseases such as liver dysfunction and diabetes and the presence of symptoms such as warmth, sharp limb pain, and skin abnormalities are characteristic features and aid in diagnosis. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus compared with those caused by Aeromonas species. Roles In cases of infection with 106 cells of V. vulnificus, the difference in survival was significant, with a P-value of 0.001 (log-rank test). Clinical features of, Tsai Y.H., Wen-Wei Hsu R., Huang K.C., et al. Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. RFUs were measured in a fluorometer (EnSpire Multimode Plate Reader, PerkinElmer), for which the temperature was set at 30 C and wavelengths of 622 and 670 nm, for excitation and emission, respectively. After 12 h, each mouse was intragastrically infected with 2.0 109 Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, This suggested the possible role of V. vulnificus-originating and V. vulnificus-secreted substance(s) in the death of B. vulgatus. Nat Chem Biol. Growth and recovery of selected gram-negative bacteria in reconditioned wastewater. Increased pathogenicity in these host animals has been experimentally proven in infections by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, V. cholerae, and a pathogenic Escherichia coli [1720]. The mortality rate for V. vulnificus infection remains high. Validation, Disruptive changes in their membranes were determined using a fluorescent dye DiSC3(5), which was incorporated into the bacterial membranes. However, altered compositions of the two phyla were found in the V. vulnificus-fed mice: Although these two phyla were still the major phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes occupied approximately 33% and 61% of total fecal microbiomes, respectively (Fig. Due to no apparent induction of rCidA from the overexpression vector carrying the cidA gene, an experiment to compare the cellular CidA levels was not successful. Materials and Methods: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases by two independent reviewers was reported. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic Gram-negative rod-shaped estuarine bacterium, found in the seawater with a temperature > 20 C. A resultant plot was generated across the samples, in which the black and red circles represent the species composition of PBS-treated mice and V. vulnificus-infected dead mice, respectively (PERMANOVA, P = 0.024). B. vulgatus harboring pBAD-obgEBv was selected by spreading aliquots of the conjugate mixture on the RCM agar plate supplemented with 10 g/ml ampicillin and incubating in an anaerobic chamber. Although V. vulnificus multiplies in approximately 10min at 20C, its multiplication is controlled below 15C.3 Moreover, it is believed that approximately one million bacilli are required to cause infection via oral ingestion.4 For V. vulnificus infection to materialize, uncooked and V. vulnificus bacilli that grew at a seawater temperature of at least 20C must have been consumed by the patients via raw fresh fish or shellfish that ingested this bacilli, which in turn condensed in the digestive organs of these fish. After acclimation to these laboratory conditions for 2 days, mice were challenged to the specific treatments for each experiment. Increase in membrane disruption via ObgE was instead evidenced in the ObgE-overexpressing B. vulgatus, where the susceptibility degrees towards membrane-permeabilizing stress(es) were proportional to the cellular levels of ObgE (Fig. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Mortality increases if the time between disease onset and amputation exceeds 8h, and it was 100% in patients in whom amputation was delayed by 12h. Regarding debridement, mortality increases if the time exceeds 4h, and it was 100% in patients in whom debridement was delayed by 8h. The relationship between mortality and time from disease onset to debridement and amputation was plotted on a graph (Fig. The predominant abundance of B. vulgatus was consistent with the data previously reported [20]. Urgent surgery is planned while maintaining a dynamic circulatory state. Moreover, we observed that the distribution of the causes of LC were different in these places due to variation in the endemic prevalence of viral hepatitis and ethnic differences in alcohol consumption [41]. However, global warming in recent years has increased sea temperature, and the symptoms of V. vulnificus infection have been observed in areas not endemic to this infection.2 Despite its high fatality rate, V. vulnificus infection is rare, and knowledge about this infection is low. Patients with LC had an almost two fold higher risk (n = 82/132) of mortality compared to those without LC (n = 51/149) and HD (n = 27/101) with RRs of 1.84 (95% CI 1.212.79) and 2.00 (95% CI 1.412.85), respectively (Fig 3A and 3B). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). For example, 40% of all V. vulnificus-infected individuals live in the northern region of Kyushu, which is adjacent to the Ariake Sea, a shallow brackish water region. Yes Seven-week-old female ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with iron dextran (30 g per gram of mouse weight) and intragastrically injected with 50 l of 8.5% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate. The intestinal microbiota plays a role in, Zachar Z, Savage DC. Of those, eight studies met our inclusion criteria. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Outer membrane vesicles blebbing contributes to, Sohn SH, Kim N, Jo HJ, et al. No patient was treated only with antibiotics. The mortality rate was 58.3%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the MGM001 cells (Fig. Therefore, the spectrum of roles of cFP in Vibrio pathogenicity has been broadened to be one of their virulence factors. No patient had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or consciousness disorders (Fig. The study included eight men and four women (sex ratio, 2:1), all aged above 50 years (average age, 66 years). Then, 20 g of each cell lysate was loaded onto a 12% SDS-PAGE, run for 1 h at 120 V, and transferred to Hybond P membrane (Amersham). The patients developed sepsis and fever with sharp pain in the limbs. The concept of LC has changed from being a static and irreversible entity to a dynamic disease with reversible stages [27,28]. Two oligonucleotides, Bv_obgE-over F and Bv_obgE-over R (Additional file: Table S3), were used to amplify a 1185 bp DNA fragment containing obgE ORF from the genomic DNA of B. vulgatus MGM001. The survival of three strains of B. vulgatus in the presence of V. vulnificus and cFP was tested in this study: ATCC8482 from human feces; DSM28735 from a mouse caecum; and MGM001 isolated from a mouse feces (Figs. High growing ability of, Tajiri T., Tate G., Akita H., et al. High salinity relay as a postharvest processing strategy to reduce, Matsumoto K., Ohshige K., Fujita N., et al. For the experiments using mice, all the animals received humane care in accordance with the institutional guidelines of Sogang University and the legal requirements (IACUCSGU2015_03 and IACUCSGU2019_01). Patients were divided into a death group and a survival group to investigate the differences in treatment. The same experiments were performed using the control mice that had been injected with cFP-free DMSO cells (n = 7 mice per each treatment) (closed symbol) (Fig. (Fig.8C),8C), formation of the cFP-ObgE complex increases this speculative activity inducing membrane disruption and subsequent cell death. [10], HD was present in 20% of the patients with VNSSTIs. Five patients exhibited stomachache, nausea, and vomiting. Ferreira RB, Gill N, Willing BP, et al. Wang RF, Cao WW, Cerniglia CE. This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation, Republic of Korea (NRF-2018R1A5A1025077 [Microbial Survival Systems Research Center] and NRF-2021R1A2B5B02002477). Vibrio vulnificus infection: a persistent threat to public health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, Roles Each circle represents a study in the meta-analysis, and the size of the circle is proportional to study weighting. sodium bicarbonate (50 l). Melhus A., Holmdahl T., Tjernberg I. Lactobacillus strains were grown at 37 C in MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe; BD Difco) media under anaerobic conditions. (Fig.11B). 8600 Rockville Pike Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely virulent bacterium that can cause three types of infections: Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shellfish: V. vulnificus causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and V. vulnificus have high mortality rates. van der Waaij D. The digestive tract in immunocompromised patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital in-patients and those taking antibiotics. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://bioinf.wehi.edu.au/software/russell/logrank/. Huber T, Faulker G, Hugenholtz P. Bellerophon: a program to detect chimeric sequences in multiple sequence alignments. You JS, Yong JH, Kim GH, et al. The results showed that the effect of V. vulnificus on B. vulgatus viability was antagonistic in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the amount of DiSC3(5) released from bacterial cells was measured upon cell lysis by exposure to a membrane permeabilizing agent, such as Triton X-100. SM of V. vulnificus were prepared using 0.45 m-pore-sized filter to sterilize the supernatants of the anaerobic culture in LBS. 2011 Mar;15(3):e157-66. To circumvent the difficulty in finding the active compound(s), B. vulgatus was challenged by various bacterial species and its survival was examined (Fig. Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found in warm, low salinity waters. Polymerized samples were sectioned (200250 nm) using ultramicrotome, then further thin-sectioned (70 nm) using Leica EM UC-7 (Leica Microsystems) and a diamond knife (Diatome). The liver has a role in bacteria and endotoxin scavenging, detoxication, and synthesizing proteins for metabolic, immune, and coagulation functions. In fact, no patient was treated only with antibiotics in our study. 2009 Mar;66(3):899-905. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e31816a9ed3. Data from 6 studies containing additional information on the HD types/stages were extracted for exploring their effects on the risk of mortality of VNSSTIs. Cellular contents of ObgE were estimated by extrapolating the densitometric readings of the ObgE bands derived from cell lysates to the regression line derived from those of the known concentrations of rObgE (from 0.2 to 10 ng). The ratios of normalized contents in cFP-treated cells to those in the control cells were plotted. C SEM of B. vulgatus cells. If blister formation is observed on the skin, debridement should be initiated under general anesthesia. Ribet D, Cossart P. How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: shaping our immune responses throughout life. H-NS silences gene expression of LeuO, the master regulator of the cyclic(Phe-Pro)-dependent signal pathway, in. Funding acquisition, Four millimolar cFP was treated to the freshly grown culture of P. goldsteinii MGM002. However, it is worth note that the abundance of B. caccae in mouse guts was not significantly affected by V. vulnificus infection (Mann-Whitney U test, P = 0.221) (Additional file: Table S1), and B. fragilis and B. ovatus exhibited high susceptibility to multiple dipeptides including cFP [43]. However, both hokB and sokB ORFs are not present in the genomes of B. vulgatus. Mice orally injected with V. vulnificus-free PBS were used as a negative control (n = 4). In contrast, some Lactobacillus species, which were the main bacteria belonging to Firmicutes in the mouse guts, did not show a decrease in their levels in V. vulnificus-fed fecal samples, but these increased in some animals. Vibrio vulnificus Infection - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Clotting abnormalities, hepatic dysfunction, and renal disorders are judged on the basis of the inspection data. (Fig.9B).9B). Their distribution was plotted with each median value, and statistical significance between two groups was determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. From the pooled dataset, nearly half (46.8%) of the patients with VNSSTIs had HD. Yes Increased risks of mortality in the LC group vs. the other HD (OHD) group and the OHD group vs. the non-HD group was also observed; however, they were not statistically significant (RR: 1.54, 95% CI 0.952.49, p = 0.08; RR: 1.49, 95% CI 0.862.59, p = 0.15) (Fig 3C and 3D). Comparison of necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis caused by. here. Any antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative bacilli can be used. < 0.001). In contrast, patients with primary septicemia or necrotizing wound infections usually develop blistering skin lesions, and are frequently lethal [4]. B Release of DiSC3(5) from cFP-treated B. vulgatus. Statistical analysis of the taxonomically classified sequencing data was processed using the EzBioClaud. The antagonistic effect of V. vulnificus against B. vulgatus was found to be mediated by cyclo-Phe-Pro (cFP), one of the major compounds secreted by V. vulnificus. From the pooled dataset, nearly half (46.8%) of the patients with VNSSTIs had HD. Supervision, Obg and membrane depolarization are part of a microbial bet-hedging strategy that leads to antibiotic tolerance. Verstraeten N, Knapen WJ, Kint CI, et al. Before Furthermore, some pathogens have shown the ability to affect gut microbiota by direct killing with the type VI secretion systems or bacteriocins [21, 22]. Vieira R.H., de Sousa O.V., Costa R.A., et al. However, the number of dead mice was higher in the cFP-treated sets of mice when they were preinjected with cFP then infected with 105107 cells of V. vulnificus. PMC Cell death of B. vulgatus in the presence of cFP. Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC, Finlay BB. To stabilize the patient's general condition, do not admit the patients to ICU; the general condition will not improve unless the bacillus is eliminated. P-values for the comparison of 4 mM cFP-treatment with no cFP-treatment are indicated (Students t-test; ns, not significant; *0.001 < P A 44-year-old man with a history of poly-substance abuse, cirrhosis, and recent oyster consumption . Primary wound presentation is seen in about 25% of all V. vulnificus cases. Gut flora in health and disease. The second question was on the effect of HD types/stages on the risk of mortality of VNSSTIs. Live and dead cells were enumerated by counting the green- and red-stained cells in at least eight fields, respectively, and their averages and standard deviations were plotted against the exposed concentrations of cFP (B). After 24 h of anaerobic incubation at 37 C, the growth pattern of each colony was observed. Among them, pathogenic Vibrio species have been shown to produce cFP and secrete it in ambient environments at high concentrations [24]. Furthermore, the fecal samples collected from mice orally injected with cFP, as shown in Fig. By re-examining the accumulated cases at our hospital, we wish to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of V. vulnificus infection and provide information regarding this at the global level. From an effort to obtain pure cultures of microorganisms from mouse guts, another bacterial species, P. goldsteinii belonging to Bacteroidetes and several Lactobacillus species belonging to Firmicutes have been isolated (mouse gut microorganism (MGM) isolates; Additional file: Table S2). The mortality rate in this study was 58.3% (7/12), in line with previous findings.10 Although the system of emergency centers and intensive care units in our country has substantially improved of late, this infection remains troubling because patients can die within two days, as in our study. Therefore, it is speculated that cFP is a specific driver in the V. vulnificus-fed mice to reduce the abundance of some species of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. C TEM of P. goldsteinii cells. For coculturing the cells of V. vulnificus and B. vulgatus on a single agar plate, each cell suspension was spotted on RCMS (RCM supplemented with 2.5% sodium chloride), and incubated in a 37 C anaerobic chamber. Therefore, this pathogen should interact with them to overcome the potential defense mechanisms directly or indirectly derived from the gut microbiota, while interacting with the hosts via timely produced virulence factors. Changes in climate and the global seafood trade have increased the prevalence of marine and freshwater systems affected by V. vulnificus. Depending on intraprocedural findings, leg amputation should be performed without hesitation. B. vulgatus (MGM001, ATCC8482, and DSM28735) and P. goldsteinii (MGM002) exposed to cFP (0 and 4 mM) for 6 h were processed for TEM analysis. do not show the presence of this domain at their C-terminal regions. Nine bacterial isolates showed more than 97% identity to the corresponding regions of 16S rDNAs of B. vulgatus, P. goldsteinii, L. johnsonii, L. reuteri, L. murinus, or L intestinalis, and were named by MGM001 to 009 (Additional file: Table S2). Fig.22C. Differences were considered significant if P-values were < 0.01. This study demonstrates a clear antagonistic effect of a foodborne pathogen, V. vulnificus, on a gut resident, B. vulgatus. Different breaks in the skin can include: Cuts and scrapes Burns Insect bites Analysis of gastric body microbiota by pyrosequencing: possible role of bacteria other than. Vibrio vulnificus has a mortality rate of almost 33% in the United States and is responsible for more than 95% of seafood-related deaths in the United States. 2007 Mar;89(3):631-6. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00580. Is the Subject Area "Death rates" applicable to this article? C Survival of B. vulgatus in the presence of Vibrio spp. Upon exposure to a membrane permeabilizing agent at its EC50 (e.g., 0.002% Triton X-100), the released DiSC3(5) was monitored by fluorometry, showing that significantly more dyes were detected from the cFP-treated cells than the control (Fig. Conceptualization, ; J.-A.K., B.-R.J., Y.-C.J., K.-S.K., and K.-H.L. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the ; J.-A.K., B.-R.J., Y.-R.K., and Y.-C.J. Primary wound presentation is seen in about 25% of all V. vulnificus cases. National Library of Medicine The medians of estimated values of 2[CT(B.vulgatus) CT(Total Bacteria)] were 0.1369 ( 0.0748) and 0.0619 ( 0.0766) in the PBS-treated control (n = 20 mice) and cFP-treated mice (n = 20 mice), respectively (Fig. We planned to use the Random Effects Model (REM) instead of Fixed Effects Model (FEM) if the I2 40%. designed and coordinated the study. Funding: This work was supported by grants from the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (Grant Nos. The figures indicate the number of articles reviewed at each stage. Did his/her symptoms first appear between June and October? Mortality rates exceeding 40 percent have been reported in case series, . It is impossible to tell that an oyster is bad by looking at it. . B. vulgatus cells treated with FP, cPT, or cPV showed a slightly lowered basal RFU (averaged RFUs for 10 min before Triton X-100 treatment) compared to the control and much lower maximal RFU (averaged RFUs for 10 min after Triton X-100 treatment) than the cFP-treated cells. On the other hand, the viability of V. vulnificus was not affected by B. vulgatus. Fernando R.R., Krishnan S., Fairweather M.G., et al. Dewachter L, Deckers B, Martin E, et al. Abstract Vibrio vulnificus infection is the leading cause of death related to seafood consumption in the United States. Furthermore, we identified studies with additional content mentioning the HD types/satges to explore the effect of HD types/stages on the risk of mortality of VNSSTIs. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The mortality rate may increase to 100% in patients with septicemia if treatment is delayed by 72 h ( 11 ). Various concentrations of cyclo-Phe-Val (cPV) and cyclo-Pro-Thr (cPT) ranging from 0 to 4.0 mM were added to the freshly grown culture of B. vulgatus MGM001. However, when cells were treated with other cyclic dipeptides consisting of hydrophobic amino acids (e.g., cPT and cPV) or a linear dipeptide of FP, the amounts of released DiSC3(5) upon exposure to 0.002% Triton X-100 were almost the same as those of the control (Additional file: Figure S2). In addition, the heated SM, which had been treated at 95 C for 5 min to denature its proteineous substances, was mixed with B. vulgatus (Additional file: Figure S1C). Writing original draft. (Fig.5A5A and B). (Fig.1A).1A). For example, doxycycline has shown intermediate resistant profile in Italy [43] while ceftazidime in the U.S. [44] and ceftriaxone in India [45]. Points indicate the risk ratios (X-axis) from 12 studies assessing the risk of mortality of Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections in patients with hepatic disease when compared to those without it. To examine the changes in membrane integrity, a fluorescent dye, 3,3-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DiSC3(5)), was used to incorporate into bacterial membranes [28]. It causes a serious form of the illness vibriosis that can quickly lead to sepsis, shock and large, spreading blisters that destroy tissues. Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Roles V. vulnificus cells suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) using an oral gavage needle, then placed in a separate cage. Furthermore, the regulatory role of cFP at another level of V. vulnificus-host interactions was identified in this study. An integrative view of cell cycle control in. 9). Then, the pathogens could increase their accessibility to the gut epithelial cells and their success in causing fatal septicemia. The total DNA extracted from each fecal sample was subjected to q-PCR using a primer set specific to B. vulgatus 16S rDNA and the universal primer set for eubacterial 16S rDNA. Conceptualization, What does a skin infection look like? The effect of cFP on bacterial membrane permeability was determined using a membrane potential-sensitive fluorescent dye, DiSC3(5) (Sigma). Community structures of microbiome derived from sequencing analysis of 16S rDNAs in the fecal samples of V. vulnificus-infected dead mice and PBS-treated control mice were subjected to PCoA based on Jensen-Shannon distance method. Front Microbiol. To screen the factor(s) involving the cFP-mediated membrane disruption, the cellular abundance of obgE, cidA, and recA transcripts and proteins were monitored in B. vulgatus cells incubated under the conditions in the absence or presence of cFP. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to saving patients' lives. Among them, ObgE of B. vulgatus responded to exogenously added cFP. FOIA Overall estimate refers to pooled estimate of risk ratio after mathematical combination of all studies. Accessibility Included studies were assessed for quality using the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI) [23]. In addition, the incubation of B. vulgatus with a mutant V. vulnificus (llcA), of which production of cFP was estimated to be less than ~ 30% of the wild type [24], resulted in lowered effectiveness in decreasing B. vulgatus survival, compared to that with the same amount of wild-type V. vulnificus (Fig. Liver dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis of these infections. 1 Infections with Vibrio vulnificus (biogroup 1). Supervision, Cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro), a quorum-sensing signal of, Park NY, Kim IH, Wen Y, et al. Clotting abnormalities were detected in all patients, and 70% exhibited the diagnostic criteria of DIC.