In a third hypothetical scenario (scenario C), an Xpert MTB/RIF test is conducted (PoC) where indicated, therapy can be initiated immediately. The considerable lack of data precluded a credible estimation of the global prevalence and incidence of zoonotic TB. The reasons for increased deaths among patients infected with zoonotic TB compared with those infected with M. tuberculosis remained unidentified, although health care inequality or treatment differences were stated as possible explanations (9). How is this disease spread? B.M. Verver S, Warren RM, Munch Z, Vynnycky E, van Helden PD, et al. Bovine TB is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis, (M. bovis) which is closely related to the bacterium that causes human and avian tuberculosis. This brochure describes Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) in humans and in cattle. This should arguably continue to be the case and is probably the reason for the low prevalence of bovine TB in domestic stock in South Africa. p. 1162. Bovine tuberculosis - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health Int. Recorded incidence rates for zoonotic TB in Europe, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand were consistently below 1/100,000 population/year (Technical Appendix 2). In this setting, the odds for TB patients infected with M. bovis to die during treatment was >2 times as high as for patients infected with M. tuberculosis (9,10,12). (2011) 184:13240. Naidoo P, Theron G, Rangaka MX, Chihota VN, Vaughan L, Brey ZO, et al. Therefore, the interpretation of immunological tests for human as well as bovine TB is complex. Mycobacterium avium: Affects mostly poultry but can cross-infect cattle. It is related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes tuberculosis in humans. Clearly, adequate distance must be maintained to avoid ongoing transmission. The proportion of zoonotic TB among all TB cases in the eastern Mediterranean is shown in Figure 6. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species includes both M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB), and M. bovis, the primary cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), as well as other closely related Mycobacterium species. Close contact is important, but not definitive for transmission. Ante mortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle: a review of the tuberculin tests, gamma-interferon assay and other ancillary diagnostic techniques. (2017) 21:196201. Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Chegou NN, Cooper D, Warren RM, van Helden PD, et al. Samples from necropsy are set up for mycobacterial culture followed by speciation (13). Risk factors for cattle include historical TB on a farm, movement of animals, TB on neighboring property or in wildlife in contact with domestic stock, prevalence of TB in a herd or area and herd size, multiple premises, poor housing, and nutrition (5). Figure 1. . 39. The reason for this activity is that even under ideal conditions and with proper adherence, some individuals will experience recurrent disease. Notably, for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific regions, respectively, data from only 2 and 3 countries were obtained. Figure 3. . Nonetheless, it seems unlikely that our conclusions were fundamentally affected by these biases. Last Modified: May 30, 2023. PDF High prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis reported in Cattle and Buffalo Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, for a period of several months to a year or more. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12329, 8. Together, this suggests a low incidence of zoonotic TB in Africa. Furthermore, they emphasize that continued surveillance and follow up will be essential. Insufficient research has been done to show whether or not this disease will impact species to affect the ecosystem and which species are maintenance or end-stage hosts. Each circle represents a study with the circle diameter being proportional to Studies from Austria, Germany, Greece, and Spain included in this analysis identified M. caprae as a causative agent of zoonotic TB in addition to M. bovis (2326). Goosen WJ, Cooper D, Warren RM, Miller MA, van Helden PD, Parsons SDC. For example, many resource-poor countries such as South Africa do not have the resources for rigorous testing and there is a lack of compensation to affected livestock owners. Data obtained from eligible reports covered 5 of 6 WHO regions (Table 2; Technical Appendix 1 Table 3, Figure 1), namely Africa, the Americas, Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Pacific. Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR amplification of genomic regions of difference. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa (B. Mller, S.D.C. However, these cases did not represent cases of zoonotic TB, because transmission occurred from humans to humans. Detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) using QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) tubes and the Qiagen cattletype IFN-gamma ELISA. Data obtained from the Western Pacific region was from Australia, New Zealand, and parts of China only. Potentially relevant reports on putative zoonotic TB caused by M. bovis or M. caprae were identified by a search of 32 bibliographic databases by using a highly sensitive search syntax. In 1882, Robert Koch declared that the tubercle bacilli from humans and cattle were one and the same, and accordingly, human and bovine . Also, only reports available online and written in English, French, German, Spanish, or Portuguese were included. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2018). Geneva. In the United States, TB caused by M. bovis is strongly linked to persons in Hispanic communities, mostly with origins in Mexico (Table 3). Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Diagnosis and treatment. However, overall incidence rates of zoonotic TB in the United States are low, at a median of 0.7/100,000 population/year. Vet Pathol [Internet]. Humans often develop an infection in the chest and lungs or the kidneys, brain, or spine. J Immunol. Table of Contents Volume 19, Number 6June 2013. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission is not related to household genotype in a setting of high endemicity. Fact Sheets | General | Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine Tuberculosis) in Reported incidence rates for TB caused by M. bovis or M. caprae for all studies included from European countries were <1/100,000 population/year if TB cases caused by multidrug-resistant strains of M. bovis in Spain were excluded (Technical Appendix 2). Failure to do so will result in ongoing disease and transmission, and failure to eradicate the problem (22). M. bovis infection in humans is of concern to health officials in . A cornerstone of bovine TB control is movement restriction of animals. This may have been partially caused by the difficulty of differentiating TB caused by M. tuberculosis or M. bovis, which requires mycobacterial culture and the subsequent use of biochemical or molecular (e.g., genotyping) diagnostic methods. Mycobacterium bovis - Wikipedia This situation is exacerbated by the presence of multiple additional risk factors such as human behavior and the high prevalence of HIV infections (2,3,7). Human pulmonary infections with bovine and environment (atypical) mycobacteria in Jos, Nigeria. The WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme works towards the goal of a world free of TB, with zero deaths, disease and suffering due to the disease. (2002). (2004) 33:3517. Privacy Policy Prevention and . Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), has perhaps the broadest host range of the pathogenic mycobacteria (1). Bovine Tuberculosis: Causes, Transmission, Signs, Treatment, and Control Overall, childhood, adolescent, and young adult . Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in animals and humans typically involves laboratory testing, such as skin testing, blood testing, or imaging studies. This suggested incidence rates of zoonotic TB of 1/100,000 population/year or lower for all countries outside Africa included in this survey, except for the Republic of Djibouti that reported 4 zoonotic TB cases/100,000 population/year. Individual studies from various regions reported high proportions of zoonotic TB for specific population groups and settings (Figures 36). Join NPINs new social community to connect, share, and collaborate. His primary research focuses on various aspects of the molecular epidemiology of TB in resource-limited regions. Olea-Popelka F, Muwonge A, Perera A, Dean AS, Mumford E, Erlacher-Vindel E, et al. In order to capitalize on awareness campaigns, it is vital that access to appropriate facilities and experts are available to persons who are ill. (2012) 19:34651. No other TB organism has as great a host range as bovine TB, which can infect all warmblooded vertebrates. The consequence of losses on the cascade is that successful completion of treatment for TB was estimated to be only 53% of cases (8). Such areas pose a risk for spread beyond the park boundaries, but is limited as far as possible by testing, animal movement control, and breeding of disease-free animals, such as TB free herds of African buffalo (37). Claassens MM, Dunbar R, Yang B, Lombard CJ. In 10 of the 13 countries in Africa included in this study, median proportions of TB caused by M. bovis were below 3.5% and in 5 of these countries no cases were detected (Table 2; Figure 3). 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, http://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Branches/Agricultural-Production-Health-Food-Safety/Animal-Health/Epidemiology, https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20023083276, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. How is the disease transmitted and spread? Similarly, differences in the epidemiology of zoonotic TB are likely to exist between different regions. The score is derived from an automated algorithm, and represents a weighted count of the amount of attention Altmetric picked up for a research output. We have no idea how many animals are infected by M. bovis, as a comparison, but an estimated 147,000 human (zoonotic) cases of bovine TB alone per annum occur (38). (2009) 47:148490. Mycobacterium bovis cases reported in South Africa from 2000 to 2018 (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: http://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Branches/Agricultural-Production-Health-Food-Safety/Animal-Health/Epidemiology). Zoonotic TB us a form of tuberculosis in people caused by Mycobacterium bovis, which belong to the M.tuberculosis complex. Incidence rates were unavailable for other countries. While a steadily increasing proportion of TB caused by M. bovis was observed in New Zealand, trends were decreasing in Australia (Technical Appendix 2). Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Gie RP, van Helden PD, Warren RM. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.04.005. Calves and humans can also become infected by ingesting raw milk from infected cows. Likewise for free-ranging wildlife. PLOS Med. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Public health and bovine tuberculosis: whats all the fuss about? Our systematic literature search on the occurrence of zoonotic TB provided no data for the WHO region of Southeast Asia, including major cattle producing middle- and low-income countries (e.g., India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Indonesia) (Technical Appendix 1) (33). There was an unexpected error. Tuberculosis in Cattle: What You Need to Know - SDSU Extension The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. Warren RM, Gey van Pittius NC, Barnard M, Hesseling A, Engelke E, de Kock M, et al. Tuberculosis in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery TB, whether in animal or human form impacts on all three of these pillars. Scanty smears associated with initial loss to follow-up in South African tuberculosis patients. Contact Us Clin Vaccine Immunol CVI (2015) 22:9748. HIV Content Notice Am J Respir Crit Care Med. If accessible, additional population estimates and official TB notifications were included in the database. A subset of data stratified by HIV status was used to assess a potential association between TB caused by M. bovis and HIV co-infection. This is a vital activity, which is not generally possible with humans and therefore presents veterinarians with an enormous advantage to prevent ongoing disease transmission. doi: 10.3390/su4113124. (2016) 13:e1001965. Although information from many parts of the world was not available, data from 61 countries suggested a low global disease incidence. Historically, Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans was associated with consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products (1,2) and this is still the most important route of exposure in developing countries.US populations are exposed to unpasteurized dairy products imported from countries where M. bovis is prevalent (3,4). Human versus Bovine Tuberculosis: Koch's Assumptions. In regions outside Africa included in this study, overall median proportions of zoonotic TB of 1.4% in connection with overall TB incidence rates 71/100,000 population/year suggested low incidence rates. The problem with giving inadequate attention to current TB using as the excuse we can't afford it, will leave us with the situation we currently have. The disease is contagious and spread by contact with infected domestic and wild animals. Bernitz N, Clarke C, Roos EO, Goosen WJ, Cooper D, van Helden PD, et al. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Evaluation of gamma interferon (IFN-)-induced protein 10 responses for detection of cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis: comparisons to IFN- responses. Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious, infectious, communicable disease of animals and humans caused by . Similarly, a study in San Diego County, California, USA, showed an overall decreasing incidence of human TB while the incidence of zoonotic TB and therefore also the relative proportion of zoonotic TB has steadily increased (9,12). Specifically, biochemical methods may be relatively unreliable for the identification of M. bovis or M. caprae strains and routine culture methods for M. tuberculosis are suboptimal to detect strains of M. bovis (2,3). This is supported by the highest reported median proportions of TB caused by M. bovis in connection with the worldwide highest overall TB incidence rates (Figure 2). Tuberculosis (TB) is a re-emerging disease occurring worldwide, causing multi-billion-dollar loss and human death annually. Res Vet Sci. Thus, TB cases caused by M. bovis may be systematically underreported. In clinical medicine, distinguishing between these four states is not necessarily clear. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination For example, disease in the lungs can be associated with a cough, and gastrointestinal disease can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Therefore, for the purpose of this study and the remainder of this report, we refer to zoonotic TB as TB in humans caused by M. bovis or M. caprae. It is generally stated that (in the absence of immunosuppression), only 10% of infected humans will develop active TB (4, 27). Miller MA. Background. Proportion of zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) among all TB cases stratified by country: Africa. Despite the high incidence of human TB, South Africa has been able to reduce this incidence remarkably in the past few years, despite limited resources and high HIV prevalence. Eligible records (written in English, French, German, Spanish, or Portuguese) reported data for at least 50 persons tested on the frequency (prevalence, incidence) or death rate of putative zoonotic TB and contained data from no earlier than 1990. BMJ (2018) 362:k2738. Rieder HL. Reports published after the completion of this systematic review revealed information from countries not covered by this study. A systematic multilingual literature search was performed according to international guidelines with certain modifications (http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/). Dr. Koch's discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and . Join NPINs new social community to connect, share, and collaborate. Human Mycobacterium bovis Infection and Bovine Tuberculosis Outbreak Search Help Systematic molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant, [Epidemiology of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in, Uniting for Ukraine TB Screening Experience, Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Canada, http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/52-8-317.pdf, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1994/WHO_CDS_VPH_94.137.pdf, http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/423/42330303.pdf, Zoonotic Mycobacterium bovisinduced Tuberculosis in Humans, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Mller B, Drr S, Alonso S, Hattendorf J, Laisse C, Parsons S, et al. (2017) 216:S70213. Differently appraised records were reassessed, and the screening procedure was harmonized accordingly. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In contrast, for Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania, respectively, the median proportion of TB cases caused by M. bovis was 17.0% (range: 16.7%31.4%) (1315), 15.4% (1 study available) (16) and 26.1% (range 10.8%37.7%) (1719). Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of animals caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, primarily by M. bovis. A study from Bangladesh analyzed isolates from 350 TB patients but did not identify any infections by M. bovis (34). It is encouraging that even culling of limited infected animals in a free-ranging wildlife system can reduce prevalence rate (7). No similar quantitative care cascade loss studies have been done in veterinary medicine in South Africa and thus information is anecdotal. M. bovis is treated similarly to M. tuberculosis. Front. Agreement between assays of cell-mediated immunity utilizing Mycobacterium bovis-specific antigens for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). In the United States, the majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in people are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Objective. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human Sustainability (2012) 4:312440. Anti-TNF- treatment is an emerging cause of endogenous reactivation of M. bovis disease in elderly Dutch patients, as occurred in 2 of the recent bovine TB cases described in this article; reactivation may be slower than for M. tuberculosis infection. However, reservoirs of TB in wildlife populations have been linked to the persistence or increase of the incidence of bovine TB in some countries, most notably the United Kingdom (UK) (6).
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